441st Air Expeditionary Squadron

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This article is about the 441st Air Expeditionary Squadron. For the 441st Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron, see 738th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group § Units.

441st Bombardment Squadron
(Currently 441st Air Expeditionary Squadron)
Squadron Boeing B-52 dropping bombs in Vietnam[a]
Active1942–1945; 1947–1949; 1952–1960; 1963–1989
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleExpeditionary support
Part ofAir Combat Command
Motto(s)Finis Origine Pendet (Latin for 'The End Depends on the Beginning')[1]
EngagementsMediterranean Theater of Operations
European Theater of Operations[1]
DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation
Air Force Meritorious Unit Award
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
French Croix de Guerre with Palm[1]
Insignia
441st Air Expeditionary Squadron emblem[b][1]
441st Bombardment Squadron emblem[c]
441st Bombardment Squadron emblem[d][2]
441st Bombardment Squadron emblem[e][3]
441st Bombardment Squadron emblem[f][3]

The 441st Air Expeditionary Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It was converted to provisional status in May 2011. Its last assignment as a regular unit was to the 320th Bombardment Wing at Mather Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 30 September 1989. It has been active since, operating a small air base in Syria.

The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 441st Bombardment Squadron. It served in combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it earned the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for combat operations in Italy. In 1944, it moved north into the European Theater of Operations, where it earned a second DUC. After V-E Day, the squadron remained in Germany to participate in the disarmament of the Luftwaffe, then returned to the United States for inactivation.

Although briefly active in the reserve from 1947-1949, the squadron was primarily a Strategic Air Command bomber unit, first with Boeing B-47 Stratojets, then with Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses, serving on [[alert status|nuclear alert with both types of bombers. Although it did not serve as a unit, the squadron was one of the first to deploy aircraft and aircrew for Operation Arc Light missions in Vietnam. The squadron was inactivated in 1989, in connection with the reduction of strategic forces and the closure of Mather.

History[edit]

World War II[edit]

Initial organization and training in the United States[edit]

The squadron was first established at MacDill Field, Florida on 1 July 1942 as the 441st Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 320th Bombardment Group, a Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber group.[1][4][5] The squadron trained rapidly in Florida, completing Phase I (individual) Operational Training at MacDill and Phase II (aircrew) Operational Training at Drane Field until beginning to move its aircraft to England in August without starting Phase III (unit) training.l[6]

The air echelon departed for Baer Field, Indiana on 19 August with initial plans calling for the squadron's air echelon to move to Europe via the North Atlantic Ferrying Route. At Baer Field, it received B-26s direct from the factory. However, these planes were soon withdrawn and transferred to the 319th Bombardment Group, the first B-26 group to fly its bombers across the Atlantic.[6][g] The air echelon continued training at Baer Field with the few Marauders it had remaining. After delays continuing to November, it moved to Morrison Field, Florida to begin ferrying its planes using the South Atlantic Ferrying Route.[1][6]

The ground echelon of the squadron, meanwhile, departed the United States on the RMS Queen Mary on 5 September, arriving at RAF Hethel on 12 September, and moving to RAF Tibenham at the beginning of October.[1][7] In England, it received additional training from units of Eighth Air Force.[6] It departed for North Africa on 21 November 1942.[1][8] The air echelon never conducted operations from England, with their Marauders arriving in North Africa between December 1942 and January 1943.[4]

Combat in the Mediterranean Theater[edit]

320th Group B-26 Marauder after attacking a bridge over the Rhone River near Arles[h]

The squadron and its aircraft arrived at its first true overseas station, Oran Es Sénia Airport, Algeria, in early January 1943.[1] The squadron had mine dropping equipment installed on its bomb racks for attacks against enemy submarines. The squadron was withdrawn from antisubmarine combat in February for rest and the antisubmarine mission was transferred to the Royal Air Force.[9] However, it did not fly its first bombing missions until April 1943, by which time it had moved to Montesquieu Airfield, Algeria from its training base at Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria. Until July 1943, operating from bases in Algeria and Tunisia, it flew missions against enemy shipping on the approaches to Tunis It flew missions against Tunisia]and participated in Operation Corkscrew, the projected invasion of Pantelleria. The following month it provided air support for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.[4]

The squadron bombed marshalling yards. bridges airfields, road junctions, viaducts, harbors, fuel and supply dumps, defense positions and other targets in Italy. It supported Operation Avalanche, the landings near Salerno, on the Italian mainland, and knocked out targets to aid the seizure of Naples and to cross the Volturno River. It flew missions against Anzio and Monte Cassino and flew interdiction missions in central Italy in preparation for the Allied approach to Rome.[1][4]

In November 1943, the squadron moved to Decimomannu Airfield on Sardinia[1] to be better positioned to attack targets in central and northern Italy. Its efforts supporting preparations for and execution of the Allied offensive in central Italy in April through June 1944, including the French breathrough of the Gustav Line.[10] earned the squadron a French Croix de Guerre with Palm. On 12 May 1944, in the face of an intense antiaircraft artillery barrage, it bombed enemy troop concentrations near Fondi supporting United States Fifth Army's advance on Rome, for which it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[1] From June to November 1944, it flew interdiction missions in the Po Valley.[4]

Combat in northern Europe and inactivation[edit]

After the Allies carried out Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944, the squadron flew air support missions there, moving to Dijon-Longvic Airfield in November. It bombed bridges, railroads, gun positions, barracks, supply and munitions dumps and other targets in France and Germany unitl V-E Day. Near the end of the war, on 15 March 1945, the squadron bombed pillboxes weapons pits, trenches and roads within the Siegfried Line to enable the breakthrough of the United States Seventh Army, for which it was awarded a second DUC.[4]

Following the end of the war, the squadron moved to Pfreimd, where it took part in Operation Eclipse, the air disarmament campaign, acting as teams to disband the Luftwaffe, and packing its most advanced equipment for shipment back to the US,[11] until the fall, when it moved to France to prepare for return to the US. It departed Europe in November 1945 and was inactivated on its arrival at the Port of Embarkation in December.[1][4]

Service in the reserves[edit]

The 441st was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Mitchel Field, New York in July 1947 as a light bomber unit. At Mitchel, its training was supervised by the 113th AAF Base Unit (later the 2230th Air Force Reserve Training Center). It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped with any operational aircraft. [12] In 1948 Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[13] The 441st was inactivated when Continental Air Command reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system in June 1949.[2] The squadron's personnel continuing paid reserve status and its equipment were transferred to elements of the 84th Fighter Wing.[14]

Strategic Air Command operations[edit]

Medium bomber operations[edit]

320th Wing B-47B Stratojet[i]

During the Korean War, the 106th Bombardment Wing, a New York Air National Guard unit was mobilized and assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and trained as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress wing. On 1 December 1952, the 106th Wing was returned to state control and replaced by the 320th Bombardment Wing.[15] In connection with this change, the 441st was reactivated,[1] and took over the personnel and Superfortresses of the 102d Bombardment Squadron, which was simultaneously relieved from active duty. Under SAC's new organization, the squadron reported directly to the new wing, and the 320th Group remained inactive.[1][4][j]

In early 1953, the squadron began to replace its B-29s with Boeing B-47B Stratojets. For a while the service test model of the reconnaissance version of this new jet bomber, the YRB-47, was on the squadron's strength.[1] In December, the squadron began training the cadre of B-47 aircrews for the 96th Bombardment Wing, which had been activated at Altus Air Force Base with only minimum manning as that station was being reopened. This training continued for a little more than a year.[15][16]

In June 1954, the squadron, along with the entire 320th Wing, deployed as a unit to RAF Brize Norton remaining there until September. It repeated this performance at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam between September 1956 and January 1957. Later in 1957, overseas alert operations changed in character when overseas alert began to be supported by multiple wings, with individuals rotating home during an extended overseas Reflex alert, rather than deploying and entire wing overseas as a unit. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97s at bases closer to the Soviet Union.[17]

The percentage of SAC planes on alert gradually grew over the next three years to reach its goal of 1/3 of SAC’s force on alert by 1960.[18] From 1958, SAC's B-47 Stratojet squadrons began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. This was designed to meet General Thomas S. Power’s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[19][20]

However, SAC was relying on the longer range Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, deciding to reduce the number of B-47 wings at March Air Force Base from two to one. With this reduction, the 441st was inactivated on 15 September 1960.[1]

Heavy bomber operations[edit]

SAC bases with large concentrations of bombers made attractive targets. SAC’s response was to break up its B-52 wings and scatter their aircraft over a larger number of bases.[21] This made it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock our the entire heavy bomber fleet with a surprise first strike.[22] As part of this program, SAC moved the 72nd Bombardment Squadron to Mather Air Force Base, California, an Air Training Command station,[23] and organized the 4134th Strategic Wing as its headquarters.[24]

However, the 4134th Wing was a Major Command controlled (MAJCON) wing. MAJCON units could not carry a permanent history or lineage.[25] In 1963, SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its MAJCON strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activate Air Force controlled (AFCON) units, most of which were inactive at the time which could carry a lineage and history. On 1 February 1963, the 441st Bombardment Squadron was reactivated and assumed the B-52Fs, personnel and equipment of the 72nd Bombardment Squadron as the 320th Bombardment Wing replaced the discontinued 4134th Wing.[1][15]

A combat ready unit on activation, the squadron trained for global strategic bombing operations.[15] SAC's alert commitment had increased to maintaining one half of the squadron's bombers on nuclear alert.[20] Additionally, the squadron was periodically tasked under Operation Chrome Dome to maintain two armed aircraft airborne for "airborne alert training."[26]

The squadron's commitment to SAC's nuclear deterrent mission changed in February 1965. Having received training on "iron bombs" since 1964, and having their B-52Fs modified to carry additional bombs on external racks, the squadron was launched to Anderson Air Force Base, Guam in February 1965, where it was joined by B-52Fs the 736th Bombardment Squadron from Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi and the 9th Bombardment Squadron from Carswell Air Force Base, Texas. However, the first mission of what would become Operation Arc Light did not take place until 18 June, when squadron bombers and bombers from the 9th Squadron attacked Viet Cong bases near the Cambodian border with the Republic of Viet Nam.[27] Due to a timing error, one cell of B-52s orbited to lose time, causing two cells to run together. A squadron plane and one from the 9th squadron crashed as a result, with all aboard lost.[28]

General William C. Westmoreland, commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, was convinced the B-52 could play an effective role, and he called for more bombing missions. From June through December squadron and other deployed B-52Fs completed over 100 missions to South Vietnam. These B-52s were used primarily in saturation bombing of Viet Cong base areas, but later they were also used in direct tactical support of the Marine Corps’ Operation Harvest Moon and the 1st Cavalry Division’s fight in the Ia Drang Valley.[27]

The squadron returned to Andersen in December 1965. By this time, most B-52 missions were carried out under Combat Skyspot, in which bombing was directed by ground radar stations, rather than being conducted using the B-52 bombardment/navigation system. In February 1966, SAC bomber operations were brought together under the Bombardment Wing, Provisional, 4133d The squadron's second tour in Southeast Asia ended in March 1966. By this time the B-52Fs, which had been carrying out the majority of the B-52 deployments to Guam, were replaced by B-52Ds, which had been modified to carry almost twice as many conventional bombs.

By late June 1966, after one year of participation in the war, the B-52s were dropping approximately 8,000 tons of bombs each month. Missions were flown in all types of weather, night and day. In 1966, over 5,000 B-52 sorties were flown to support operations against the enemy.

Operated B-52Fs until 1968 standing SAC nuclear alert duties, then upgraded to B-52G models. Performed rotational deployments to Western Pacific with B-52Gs, engaging in Operation Arc Light combat missions over Indochina during Vietnam War. Maintained conventional bombing capabilities after end of United States involvement in Vietnam War until inactivation in 1989 as part of retirement of B-52G.

Expeditionary unit[edit]

441st Air Expeditionary Squadron Aerial Port Operations

In 2011 the squadron was converted to provisional status as the 441st Air Expeditionary Squadron and assigned to Air Combat Command to activate as needed.[1]

Squadron expeditionary operations appear to be classified, although the Department of Defense released a video of the squadron at an Operation Inherent Resolve "undisclosed location" with a dirt runway supporting Lockheed C-130 Hercules and Boeing C-17 Globemaster III operations.[29] The United States Central Command released a photograph of an airman assigned to the squadron handing out clothing near the Kobani Landing Zone (LZ), although it did not say he was stationed at Kobani.[30] The Kobani LZ was constructed near the village of Sarrin, with a 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) runway.[31]

In 2018, it was reported by non-military sources that the squadron was operating in Sarrin, in the western portion of Raqqa Governorate, Syria to support Operation Inherent Resolve.[32][33]

US forces withdrew from northern Syria in 2019. Russian troops reportedly occupied the evacuated bases. About 500 U.S. troops remained to guard energy facilities in eastern Syria.

Lineage[edit]

  • Constituted as the 441st Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 19 June 1942
Activated on 1 July 1942
Redesignated 441st Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 9 October 1944
Inactivated on 6 December 1945
  • Redesignated 441st Bombardment Squadron, Light on 26 May 1947
Activated in the reserve on 9 July 1947
Inactivated on 27 June 1949
  • Redesignated 441st Bombardment Squadron, Medium and activated on 1 December 1952
Discontinued on 15 September 1960
Redesignated 441st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 15 November 1962 (not organized)
Organized on 1 February 1963
Inactivated on 30 September 1989
  • Redesignated 441st Air Expeditionary Squadron and converted to provisional status on 13 May 2011[1]
* Activated c. 2015
* Inactivated c. 2019


Assignments[edit]

  • 320th Bombardment Group, 1 July 1942 – 4 December 1945
  • 320th Bombardment Group, 9 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
  • 320th Bombardment Wing, 1 December 1952 – 15 September 1960
  • Strategic Air Command, 15 November 1962 (not organized)
  • 320th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963 – 30 September 1989
  • Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed at any time after 13 May 2011[1]

Stations[edit]

Aircraft[edit]

  • Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945
  • Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1952–1953
  • Boeing YRB-47B Stratojet, 1953
  • Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1953–1960
  • Boeing B-52F Stratofortress, 1963–1968
  • Boeing B-52G Stratofortress, 1968–1989[1]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Explanatory notes
  1. ^ Aircraft is Boeing B-52F-70-BW Stratofortress serial 57-162, nicknamed Casper The Friendly Ghost. This aircraft was the first B-52F used to test conventional bombing in 1964, and later dropped the 50,000th bomb of the Arc Light campaign. B-52Fs could carry 51 bombs and served in Vietnam from June 1965 to April 1966 when they were replaced by "Big Belly" B-52Ds which could carry 108 bombs.
  2. ^ Approved 23 January 2018.
  3. ^ Approved 3 June 1964.
  4. ^ Approved 7 April 1954. Description: on a red disc with a white border, a gray aircraft tail with deep red markings supporting a caricatured black duck with yellow bill and feet holding with his right wing a green bomb pointing to base with deep red bands, all outlined with black.
  5. ^ Used from 1944 to 1945.
  6. ^ Used from 1943 to 1944.
  7. ^ The 319th Bombardment Group suffered several losses on its ferry flight, as winter weather began to impact the northern ferry route and planes were delayed for weather or aircraft malfunctions. As a result, beginning with the 320th Group, further deployments of B-26 units to Europe travelled over the South Atlantic route, Freeman, pp. 15, 55.
  8. ^ Aircraft is Martin B-26G-5-MA Marauder, serial 43-34240. This aircraft was hit by German flak and exploded while attacking a roadblock near Covigliano, Italy on 23 August 1944. There were no survivors reported, though three parachutes were reported. Missing Aircrew Report 7997.
  9. ^ Aircraft is Boeing B-47B-50-BW Stratojet, serial 51-2307. Note the two diagonal tail stripes duplicated on the squadron insigne of the time. This aircraft was retired to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center on 2 September 1960. It is now on display outside Grissom Air Force Base, Indiana, but carries the marking of another plane. Baugher, Joe (4 October 2023). "1951 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  10. ^ Although the 320th Wing was a new organization, it later continued, through temporary bestowal, the history, and honors of the 320th Bombardment Group. This temporary bestowal ended in January 1984, when the wing and group were consolidated into a single unit.
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Robertson, Patsy (27 March 2018). "Factsheet 441 Air Expeditionary Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  2. ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 545-546
  3. ^ a b Watkins, pp. 84-85
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 199-201
  5. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 547-548
  6. ^ a b c d Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History:MacDill/Drane". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  7. ^ Freeman, p. 255
  8. ^ Freeman, p. 255
  9. ^ Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History: Tafaroui". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  10. ^ Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History: Decicomammu, Sardinia". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  11. ^ Tannahill, Victor (2003). "320th Bomb Group History: Germany". 320th History Preservation. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  12. ^ See Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 99 (no aircraft listed as assigned to the squadron from 1947 to 1949)
  13. ^ "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  14. ^ Ravenstein, pp. 119-220
  15. ^ a b c d Ravenstein, pp. 170-172
  16. ^ Ravenstein, pp. 134-136
  17. ^ Narducci, p. 2
  18. ^ Narducci, p. 3
  19. ^ Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
  20. ^ a b "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  21. ^ Knaack, p. 252
  22. ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol 1, History of Strategic Air Command, Jan-Jun 1957 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  23. ^ Mueller, pp. 378, 380
  24. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 264-265
  25. ^ Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). A Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors (2d, Revised ed.). Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Research Center. p. 12.
  26. ^ Narducci, pp. 5-6
  27. ^ a b No byline. "Operation Arc Light". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  28. ^ Lake[page needed]
  29. ^ "441st Air Expeditionary Squadron Civil Engineer Runway Repair". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  30. ^ Armstrong, SSG Malissa (12 March 2019). "190312-F-SZ127-0249". U.S. Central Command. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  31. ^ Sutea, Vlad. "Evacuation "Shattered Class" The US/Coalition Bases in Syria (Part 1)". T-Intelligence. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  32. ^ Trevithick, Joseph [@FranticGoat] (7 June 2018). "Lotta interesting stuff happening in this picture, reportedly taken in Syria. Armored forklift loading the MV-22 reportedly belongs to the 441st Air Expeditionary Squadron, which runs the site. h/t @obretix" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 9 June 2018 – via Twitter.
  33. ^ No byline (7 June 2018). "Pictures: First Seen Ever Images Of Mini US Airbase In Syria's Al-Raqqa". Muraselon, the Syrian Reporters. Archived from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  34. ^ a b Station number in Anderson, p. 20.
  35. ^ Station number in Johnson, p. 25.
  36. ^ Station number in Johnson
  37. ^ Station number in Johnson, p. 21.
  38. ^ Station information in Robertson, Factsheet, except as noted.

Bibliography[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

External links[edit]

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